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状语和定语的区别 在前两个单元我们已经学过过去分词作定语和表语，及过去分词作宾语补足语，在本单元中我们先复习一下过去分词作定语，然后学习过去分词作状语。 看下面句子： 1. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. 2. Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company, called “Future Tours”,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule. 3. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. 4. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. 5. Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth’s gravity. 这些句子中斜体词部分都是过去分词，在句中作状语。那么过去分词作状语，有什么需要注意呢。l 过去分词作定语
l 过去分词作状语----入门篇
l 过去分词作状语----用法小结篇
l 分词作状语的区别
l 作插入语的分词
用法讲解
过去分词作定语
在第一单元，我们已经学过了过去分词作定语的用法，这里做一简单复习。
1. 过去分词作定语与定语从句： 过去分词作定语，具有形容词或副词的作用，该分词及其修饰成分相当于定语从句。如果把分词短语转变成定语从句时，这个定语从句应具备两个特征： 1）从句的主语和所修饰的先行词一致；如2）的例句1中定语从句的主语就是所修饰词a teacher。
2）从句的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 She is a teacher respected by all her students. 她是位受所有学生尊敬的老师。 = She is a teacher who is respected by all her students. This is the best novel of its kind ever written. 这是这类小说中写得最好的。 = This is the best novel of its kind that has ever been written.2. 作定语的分词的逻辑主语 分词作定语，其逻辑主语是所修饰词，现在分词动作与所修饰词常是主动关系，而过去分词动作与所修饰词常是被动关系。
The broken clock should be repaired as soon as possible. 这个坏了的钟表该尽快修好。 （定语broken与所修饰的词clock是被动的，即被弄坏的表） The crying baby has been ill for two days. 正在大哭的那个婴儿病了两天了。
（定语crying是所修饰词baby做的，是主动关系） 注意：不定式和-ing形式的被动式与所修饰词也是被动关系，但在时间上与过去分词不同。3. 作定语的非谓语动词的时间 过去分词作定语，多表示动作已经完成；to be done表示动作将要发生；being done表示动作正在进行。
4. 表示情感的动词的分词作定语 现在分词表示事物的性质，而过去分词表示内心的感受，尤其注意分词修饰expression，look等词时，一般用过去分词表示内心感受所表现的表情。 The frightened look on her face when seeing the dog surprised her parents. 她看到小狗时脸上害怕的表情让她父母很吃惊。
（感到害怕的表情） 对比： The tall man gave me a frightening look. 高个子男人向我做了一个吓人的表情。 （让别人害怕的表情，是性质）
过去分词作状语----入门篇
1. 什么是状语：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或主句的，可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。可以充当状语的有副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、形容词、名词词组和从句等。如：Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.我们束手无策,只能眼睁睁地看着自己的家园被毁掉。
（形容词作伴随状语，说明“看着”时的状态是“无助的”）He wrote with a red pencil．他用红铅笔写的。
（介词短语作方式状语）The students went away laughing．学生们笑着走开了。（现在分词作伴随状语）Tom tried hard to improve his English. 汤姆努力尝试来提高英语水平。（hard是副词作状语表示程度，to improve his English是不定式短语作状语表示目的）I’ll write to you as soon as I get there．（从句作时间状语）我一到那儿就给你写信。
2. 过去分词作状语非谓语动词作状语时，做题的窍门是：要看作状语的非谓语动词与主句的主语构成的主被动关系。1）Born into a peasant family, he only had two years’ schooling.他出生于农民家庭，只受过两年的教育。（某人出生于......要用sb. was born...，因此用born）2）Compared to many women, she was very fortunate. 与许多女子相比，她很幸运。（人compare A to/with B，此句中是When we compare her to many women，即she is compared ...，因此用compared）3）Exhausted by the journey, he soon fell asleep. 由于旅程而精疲力竭，他不久就睡着了。
（我们说“I am exhausted (= am tired)，被使筋疲力尽”，有些学生会误写为being exhausted，一定注意这种由过去分词变来的形容词作状语时表示状态，不需加being，即表示感情的过去分词作状语，不需要加being。这是考试时要特别注意的。
）4）Although built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.这个引擎虽然是战前造的，仍然状态良好。(引擎是被制造的，所以用built。
分词作状语时，可以加某些连词，如while doing/ done)5）Unless changed, the law will make the life difficult for farmers.如果不做变革，这项法律会使农民的生活困难。（法律是被变革的，因此用changed，加了连词unless，即unless changed）
用法讲解
过去分词作状语----用法小结篇
1）作状语的过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。Written in a hurry, this article was not so good。 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
（过去分词Written作原因状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语this article，是动作的承受者。）对比：Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。（现在分词Using作时间状语，其逻辑主语也是句子的主语I，动作是主语发出的。）注意：如果过去分词作状语时，主句的主语不是分词的逻辑主语，而是在前面另加了逻辑主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构。The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了。（given 的逻辑主语是the signal，不是主句主语 the bus。
）Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地走了过去。（held high 的逻辑主语是her head，而不是主句主语 she。）2）过去分词作状语时的特点也是被动、完成。及物动词的过去分词形式语态上表示被动，时间上表示已经完成，有时也表示模糊的时间概念。
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。（used与句子的主语是被动关系----书是被用的；used的动作已经完成）3）如果我们把该分词短语转变为一个状语从句时，该状语从句也应该具备两个特征：◆ 从句的主语和主句的主语必须一致；◆ 谓语动词为被动语态形式。
Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. =As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.因为担心旅程，前几天我感到心绪不宁。Though warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields. =Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.虽然得到了警告，农民们还是在地里干着活。4）分词作状语时，有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词，如when, while, unless, once, though, even if, than等，这时分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。也可以理解为：当这些连词引导的状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句中的主语和be动词部分可以省略。
When (you are) given a medical examination, you should keep calm.做体格检查时要保持镇定。Don’t speak until (you are) spoken to. 别人对你说话时你再说话。（注意：主语主句是祈使句，祈使句的主语一般是you）Even if (I’m) invited, I won’t take part in the party.即使被邀请，我也不会参加这个聚会。While (he was) waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.他在那儿等着的时候，看见两个靓妹走出大楼。5）过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随等。① 表示时间When asked why he was late, he went red. 当问他为什么迟到时，他脸红了。He didn’t say anything until invited. 直到被邀请，他才说话。② 表示条件United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合，我们就能站立；分裂，我们必然倒下。
Given more money, we could do it better. 如果多给点钱，我们会做得更好。③ 表示原因Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.由于伤得很严重，他不得不被送往医院。
Surprised at what happened，Tom didn’t know what to do.因为对发生的事感到吃惊，汤姆不知道该做什么了。④ 表示让步Though warned many times, the boy still reads in bed.虽然警告了他好多次，那个男孩还是躺在床上读书。
Even if given more money, I can’t finish the work only by myself.即使给再多的钱，我一个人也做不完这个工作。
⑤ 表示伴随、方式The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。He turned away disappointed. 他失望地走开了。
用法讲解
分词作状语的区别
1）现在分词作状语，句子的主语是现在分词的动作的执行者，而过去分词作状语，句子的主语是分词的动作承受者。
Seeing the new bike, he jumped with joy. 看见了新自行车，他高兴地跳了起来。（he做了see这个动作）Seen from here, the picture appears beautiful indeed. 在这里看，这张画确实很美丽。（画是被看的）2）从时间上看。过去分词可以表示完成或模糊的时间概念，而与现在分词的一般式表示与主语动词同时或几乎同时发生，现在分词的完成式表示先于谓语动词发生。
Arriving there, they found the boy ill. 他们到那时发现男孩病了。(arriving与found同时发生)Hearing the noise outside, he rushed out. 听到外面的吵闹声，他冲了出去。
（hear和rush几乎同时发生）Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完了作业，他出去了。
（finish先于went）Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small. 从山顶上看，城市看上去很小。
（seen不表示完成，也不强调正在进行，只表示被动）Explained many times（= Having been explained many times）, he understood what to do in the end. 给他解释了好多次了，他终于知道该做什么了。（Explain与句子的主语是被动的，而且在谓语动作understood之前完成，可以用过去分词表示，相当于现在分词的完成式的被动形式，但是后者Having been explained更强调已经完成。
）注意：作方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用being followed。The hunter, followed by his wolf dog, walked slowly in the forest.猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。
（followed是伴随状语，表示猎人走着时的伴随状况，不表示已经完成；因为作伴随状语，不用being followed）拓展：不定式作状语不定式作状语，多表示目的、原因、结果等。None of us would choose to stop to have a rest. 没有人愿意停下来休息。（目的）I’m sorry to have troubled you so much. 麻烦你这么多，真对不起。（原因）（多跟在表示高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾等情绪的形容词之后）I opened the box only to find it empty. 我打开盒子，却发现里面什么也没有。（结果）（多是出乎意料的结果，或too...to, enough to结构等）
作插入语的分词
有些分词作插入语的结构是固定的，其逻辑上的主语并不是句子的主语，它们往往作为独立成分来修饰全句，引出说话人的态度、观点等。这些结构需要记住。generally speaking 一般说来 strictly speaking 严格的说roughly speaking 大致来说 judging from 从……判断considering 考虑到 taking all things into consideration 全面看来例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。
（speaking 不是dogs 的动作）
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用分词的正确形式填空：1. He saw his friend ______ (go) out with Sue.2. The bus crashed into the blue car ______ (drive) down the hill.3. Peter hurt his leg ______ (do) karate.4. The umbrella ______ (find) at the bus stop belongs to John Smith.5. The people ______ (dance) in the street are all very friendly.6. I heard my mother _____ (talk) on the phone.7. My uncle always has his car ____ (wash).8. We stood _____ (wait) for the taxi.9. _____ (look) down from the tower, we saw many people walking in the streets.10. The people drove off in a _____ (steal) car.Ⅱ. 用非谓语动词把下面复合句改成简单句。1. I was glad when I heard the news.____________________________________________________2. My idea is that we should go there on our bikes.____________________________________________________3. I saw a child who was wearing very thick glasses.____________________________________________________4. As I hadn"t received an answer from him, I wrote again.____________________________________________________5. Since this book is written in easy English, it will be useful to beginners.____________________________________________________6. If weather permits, we are going to work outside.____________________________________________________7. He rushed into the room and his face was covered with sweat.____________________________________________________8. Because he was caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.____________________________________________________9. If these seeds are grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.____________________________________________________10. The concert which was given by their friends was a success.____________________________________________________Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. ____ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer2. Tsinghua University, _____ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded3. Ideally _____ for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is afavorite with many guests.A. locating B. being located C. having been located D. located4. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace，________ with his old one.A．comparing B．compares C．to compare D．compared5. ________ and short of breath，Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A．To be tired B．Tired C．Tiring D．Being tired6. _________such heavy loss，the businessman didn’t have the courage to go on.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered7. The children went home from the grammar schoo1，their lessons ________ for the day．A．finishing B．finished C．had finished D．went finished8. ________ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him．A．Losing B．Having lost C．Lost D．To lose9. The ______ look on her face suggested that she ________ her manager’s idea．A．confusing，wouldn’t quite understandB．confused，hadn’t quite understoodC．confusing，hadn’t quite understoodD．confused，shouldn’t quite understand10. _______from a high mountain，a horse is as small as an ant. A. Having viewed B. Viewed C. Viewing D. View11. Don’t worry. There’s still time _______ a newspaper before the bus leaves.A. left to buy B. leaving to buy C. left buying D. leaving buy12. When ________ the museum will be open to the public next year．A．completed B．completing C．being completed D．to be completed13. The _______ morning, the father came into the lonely house, _______ by his naughty boy.A. following, following B. followed, followedC. following, followed D. followed, following14. ________, but he still could not understand it.A. Told many times B. Having been told many timesC. He has been told many times D. Though he had been told many times15. _______and _______，they ran out of the classroom. A. Being excited；happily B. Exciting；happy C. Exciting；happily D. Excited；happy16. _______from this point of the view，the question will be of great importance. A. Considering B. Considered C. Being considered D. Consider17. Though _______of the danger，he still went skating on the thin ice. A. warning B. to warn C. warn D. warned18. While building a tunnel through the mountain，________．A．an underground lake was discoveredB．there was an underground lake discoveredC．a lake was discovered undergroundD．the workers discovered an underground lake19．____ the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operation．A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Being given20. Of the 2000 stock investors _____ last month, 90% were found ________ in financial knowledge.A．surveyed；lacking B．having been surveyed；to lackC．surveyed；lacked D．to have been surveyed；lack 。