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may是什么意思 情态动词的用法情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should), will (would), dare (daren’t,dared), need (needn’t,needed), ought to,used to等。情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。可以有推测意义，也可以没有推测意义。
不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列：
is at home. (事实) must be at home.（非常肯定的推断）
could be at home.（很可能） ought to be at home.（很可能）
may be at home.（仅仅可能而已） might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定）
might not be at home.（也许不在家） may not be at home.（比might可能）
couldn’t be at home.（很可能不在家） can’t be at home.（一定不在家）
一、can, could
(1).can 的用法
1.能力(能做某事): Two eyes can see more than one.
2.表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）（可以，可能）。
1) They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
2) This hall can hold 500 people at least.
3.一时的可能性(有时可能) Children can be very trying(令人厌烦的;难受的).
4.同意、允许(可以) Can I come in?
在这里can 和may的意思差不多。
口语中用can更多。
5.用于疑问句和否定句中，表示惊讶、不相信等（可能, 能够）
1) What can he mean? 他能够是什么意思呢。
2) He can’t be more than thirty. 他不可能在三十以上。
后面有时跟完成形式或进行形式
1) You can’t have forgotten me. 你不可能已经忘记我了。
2) If he said that, he can’t be telling the truth. 如果他这样说，他讲的不可能是真话。
3) What on earth can he be doing? 他此刻能在干什么呢。
(2).could 的用法
1.作为can的过去式，表示过去情况：
a.能力：Lanny could run and was a good tennis player.
这时可以用was/were able to 表示同样的意思：
b.可能性(可以，可能)：
1) It was so dark we could see nothing. 2) He said he couldn’t come.
2.用来代替can,说明现在的情况
a.婉转地提出请求、想法等：
1) Could I borrow your book? 2) I could come early, if necessary.
3) I couldn’t be happier. 我不能再高兴了。
b.用于疑问句及否定句，表示惊异、不相信等(推测性用法)：
1) Could this be true?
2) The money has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
3) Surely nothing could be going on there so late at night.
+完成形式可用来谈过去情况：
a.表示那时“（不）可能”，代表can的过去式：
1) She couldn’t have been more than sixteen at that time.
2) We could not have heard them because of the noise from the river.
b.表示那时“本来可以”、“差点就要”等：
1) I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me?
2) Her husband could have told her, but he did not choose to.
(3).与其他情态动词的比较
1）Can you lift this heavy box? 2）He was able to (could) run very fast.
a.表示能力，此时可用be able to代替。
She wasn’t able to (couldn’t) answer the question.
b. Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
c.当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，was / were able to : “设法做成某事” 相当于managed to do sth. succeeded in doing sth. 不能用Can。
如：
He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
d.表示请求和允许时可与may互换。
--- Can I go now? --- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
e.在疑问句中还可用could, might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。
--- Could I come to see you tomorrow? --- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
1) A computer ______ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. may not D. might not
2) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out. D
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
3) They will ______ run this machine on their own in three months. D
A. can B. could C. may D. be able to
4) That big cinema ______ seat 2,000 people. A
A. can B. should C. ought to D. is able to
二、 may, might
(1).may的用法
1.表示“允许”： 1) May I have a word with you? 2) You may do exactly as you like.
2.用在陈述句中表示“可能”：
1) It may be a new species.
2) A fool may give a wise man counsel(劝告). 傻子也可能给聪明人出主意。
3.用在某些状语从句中：
1) Write to him at once, so that he may know in time.
2) Shut the window for fear that it may rain.
4.用来表示祝愿
1) May you enjoy many years of health and happiness.
2) May God bless you。 愿上帝赐福于你。
5.用于may as well, 意为“不妨”：
1) Catherine, you may as well come too.
2) If that is the case, I may as well try. 既然如此，我不妨试一试。
(2).might 的用法
1.用作may的过去式：
a.表示“可以”：
1) I asked her if I might call and see her. 2) I thought you might stay with us.
b.表示“可能”：
1) He thought it might be wise to try his luck there.
2) It was careful not to look at him. He might have seen the surprise in my eyes.
c.用在某些状语从句中：He died so that others might live.
2.用来代替may，谈现在的情况，口气比may 更婉转些。
a.表示“可以”：
1) Might I borrow your umbrella? 2) I wonder if I might use your phone.
b.表示“可能”，“或许”，比may所表达的可能性较低：
1) It might be worth thinking about. 它可能值得考虑。
2) I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我可能得出了错误的结论。
3) He might be expecting an answer from you. 他可能正期待这你的答复。
3.用might+完成形式谈过去的情况
a.“或许……”, “本来可以”，表示与事实相反
1) They might not have considered me as their friend.
2) A lot of man died who might have been saved.
b.用于might as well(和may as well意思相同，表示“不妨”）
The buses are so expensive these days, you might as well get a taxi.
(3).比较may与might
1.表示请求和允许。might比may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。
might, could 比较委婉, 一般多用于疑问句.can, may 表达的语言比较随便. 否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。
1) ----Might/ May I smoke in this room? ---- No, you mustn’t.
2) ---- May/Might I take this book out of the room? ---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )
用May I...。征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I...。
在口语中更常见。
2. may可用于祈使句，表示祝愿。
1) May you succeed。
3.表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。
1) He may /might be very busy now.
2) Your mother may /might not know the truth.
3) — Could I borrow your dictionary? — Yes, of course you _______. C
A. might B. will C. can D. should
4) — Might I watch TV after supper? — Yes, you ________. A
A. may B. must C. might D. can
三、must, have to
(1).must的用法
1.表示“必须”、“一定要”、“得”（多指现在或将来情况）：
1) We must call the doctor. 2) I’m afraid I must be going.
’t 表示“一定不要”：
1) Of course she mustn’t leave us. 2) You mustn’t walk on the grass.
3.表示“偏要”，“偏偏”（做或发生不愉快的事)
1) After I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite.
2) Why must she be so angry with me? 为什么她偏偏对我生气。
4. must表示推测、可能性（多用于肯定的陈述句）
Judging by the smell, the food must be good.
后面可跟完成形式或进行形式：
1) The article must have been written by a woman.
2) He must be working very hard.
(2).与其他情态动词的比较
1. must表示必须、必要,在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不用mustn’t (禁止,不准),而用needn’t, don’t have to (不必).
--- Must we hand in our exercise books today? --- Yes, you must.
--- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.
2. must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。
1) His play isn’t interesting, I really must go now.
2) I had to work when I was your age.
四、dare, need
(1).need 的用法
1. need用作情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句中，表示“不必”
1)You needn’t clean the windows. They aren’t dirty.
2) It needn’t be talked about. 不必谈到它。
3) Need you have paid so much? 你必须付这么多钱吗。
4) Do you think you need tell her about it?
的虚拟用法: needn’t have done“本不必”； needn’t be doing“本不必”
1) You needn’t have bought it. 你本不必买它的。
2) You needn’t be standing here in the rain. 你本不必站在这儿的雨中。
(2).dare的用法
1. 作情态动词时表示“敢……”,但可有过去式dared, 主要用于否定句和疑问句：
1) He daren’t ask his boss for a day off. 他不敢向老板请一天假。
2) No one dared speak of it.
3) How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题。
4) Dare you do it? ---I daren’t do it.
2. 用于I dare say (我猜测, 或许, 可能）
I dare say he will say. 或许他会说的。
(3).dare和need异同：
和need当情态动词用时：
a.无人称和数的变化;
b.后接动词原形, 尤其用于否定句及疑问句中; 可用在if/whether之后; 或与hardly, never, no one, nobody连用;
c.常以needn’t和daren’t的形式出现;；
d. dare有其过去式dared。
1) If we dared not go there that day, we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.
2) I daren’t ask her for a rise. 我不敢请求她加薪.
3) How did you dare to tell her that?
4) I wonder whether he dare stand up in public.
5) I wonder whether he need send it immediately.
6) I need hardly tell you that the work is dangerous. 我几乎不必告诉你这个工作是危险的。
7) You needn’t finish that work today.
2.当实义动词用时多用于肯定句，有人称、时态和数的变化。
在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。
而need后面只能接带to的不定式。(sb.) need to do；dare to do；(sth.) need to be done；(sth.) need doing
1) I don’t know how she dares to wear that dress. 我不知道她怎么敢穿那件长裙。
2) He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
3) He needs to finish his homework today. 他今天需要完成他的家庭作业。
4) Do you need any help?
5) The garden doesn’t need watering at the moment.
五、shall, should
(1).shall 的用法
表威胁、警告、命令、承诺，用于第二、第三人称。
1) He shall be punished if he disobeys. 他若不服从就要受到惩罚。
2) You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。
3) She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
2.表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称，并用于疑问句。
1) Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Linda? 琳达，我给你取些新鲜的咖啡好吗。
2) What shall we do this evening? Shall we go to the theatre?
今晚我们干什么。
去看戏好吗。
(2).should的用法
1.表义务, 可用于各种句式,通常指将来或现在。
1) You should do what your parents tell you. 你应该干你的家长告诉你的事。
2) He should do some work, but he doesn’t want to. 他应该干些活，但他不想干。
3) You shouldn’t feel so unhappy over such trifles. 对这种小事,你不应该感到这么不高兴。
4) You shouldn’t be sitting in the sun. 你不应该坐在阳光下。
2.用于第一人称问句，表征询意见。 Should I open the window?
3.表感情色彩，意为“竟然”。
1) Why shouldn’t you invite him。
2) I don’t see why we shouldn’t make friends? 我不明白为什么我们竟不能成为朋友?
4. should的虚拟和推测用法
a.表推测，“按理应该”。
1)The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.
2) I should know her among a thousand.
b.表虚拟，“本来应该” 或“应该”。
1) He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.
2) I suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened.
3) If he should drop in, give him my message.
六、will, would
(1).will的用法
1.表意愿, 主要用于第一人称。
would指过去将来
1) I won’t argue with you. 2) I said I would do anything for him.
2.表拒绝, 用于否定句。would指过去将来。
1) The doctor knows I won’t be operated on. 大夫知道我不想做手术。
如主语是物, 则意为“不起作用”。
2) The drawer won’t (wouldn’t) shut. 抽屉关不上了。
3) My fountain pen wouldn"t write. 我的自来水笔不能写字了.
3.表请求，指将来，用于疑问句。
would更客气
1) Will you dine with me tomorrow? 明天同我一道吃饭好吗。
2) Would you mind closing the door? 你介意关门吗。
4.表猜测，指现在或将来；用于进行式时指现在；用于完成式时指过去，用于二、三人称。
1) This will be the school, I believe.
2) They will be waiting. 他们一定在等我们。
3) You will have heard the news, I’m sure. 我想你大概听到了这个消息。
5.有时will 表难免。
1) Boys will be boys. 男孩子毕竟是男孩子。 2) Accident will happen. 事故难免发生。
(2).would 的用法
1.表过去习惯性的动作：
1) Occasionally they would go out and paint pictures. 偶尔他们会出去画画。
2) Now and then a black bird would call. 偶然黑鸟会叫几下。
2.表示对过去事情的推测，“大概; 想必是”:
1) That would be in 1976, I think. 我想那大概是在1976年。
2) The person you mentioned would be his father, is that right? 你说的那个人想必是他的爸爸了, 对吗?
用于虚拟条件句与含蓄条件句
a.用于虚拟条件句：
1) I would do it if I could.
2) She would have talked more, had he not walked away. 如果他没走开，她会谈得更多。
b.用于含蓄条件句;
1) Anybody else would have believed you. 任何别人都会相信你的话。
2) But for your help we would have been late. 要不是你的帮助，我们就迟到了。
3) Such a thing wouldn’t have happened elsewhere.这样的事在别处是不会发生。
(3).will, would, used to的比较
1.表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?
2.都可表示意志、愿望和决心。
1) I will never do that again. 2) They asked him if he would go abroad.
3.也都可以表猜测之意，但would语气更弱。
1) This will be the school, I believe. 2) That would be in 1976, I think.
表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，used to过去常常，现已无此习惯。
1) During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.
2) The wound would not heal.
(4).shall与will的比较
shall / will+动词原形: 均可表示将来。
过去时为 should, would。
shall可表示征询意见或命令、警告、允诺或威胁。will 可表示意愿、常出现的动作、在疑问句中表示请求和建议.
七、should, ought to
(1).ought to的用法
1.应该,应当(意思接近should)
1) There is one thing I ought to tell you. 2) He ought not to do that.
3) --- Ought he to go? ---Yes, he ought to. 4) Something ought to be done about it.
2.表虚拟
1) I ought to have helped her, but I never could. 我本该帮她，但没能够。
2) They oughtn’t to have let you out of hospital so soon. 我本该帮她，但没能够。
的推测用法
1) I ought to be able to live on my salary. 我应当能靠薪水生活。
2) I ought to be fit for the work next month. 下个月我应该可以工作了。
后面可以跟完成形式或进行形式：
1) He ought to have arrived by now. 他到现在应该已经到了。
2) We ought to be hearing from him soon. 我们应该很快收到他的来信。
(2).ought to与其他情态动词的比较
1. should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。
1) I should help her because she is in trouble.
2) You ought to take care of the baby.
2.表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。
1) You should / ought to go to class right away.
2) Should I open the window?
3.表示推测should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
1) He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)
2) He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)
3) This is where the oil must be.(直爽)
4) This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)
八、表示否定的情态动词的用法:
部分情态动词的否定式是情态动词中的考点之一。
mustn’t不准, 禁止；needn’t没必要( = don’t have to )；can’t不能; 不可能；may not不可以; 可能不；shouldn’t不应该 ( = ought not to )
1) You ______ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. C
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
2) Johnny, you ______ play with the knife, you ______ hurt yourself. B
A. won’t can’t B. mustn’t may C. shouldn’t must D. can’t shouldn’t
3) --- Will you stay for lunch? --- Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me. B
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t
4) ---May I pick a flower in the garden? --- ________. C
A. No, you needn’t B. Not, please. C. No, you mustn’t D. No, you won’t
九、情态动词短语的使用: would like to do…愿意干….；would rather do…宁愿….；would rather + 从句；would prefer to do...更喜欢干….；had better do... 最好干…..
纠正错误：
1) Would you like having some tea? Would you like to have some tea?
2) I’d prefer going to the lecture this evening. I’d prefer to go to ...
3) I’d rather you to go to the meeting. … you went to ...
4) He would rather to die than to give in. He would rather die than give in.
5) You’d better to have your hair cut today. You’d better have ...
十、情态动词+不定式完成式（have done）
情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t，；can/cann’t；need/needn’t；may/mayn’t；might/mightn’t；should/shouldn’t；ougtht to等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的
(1) can + have done在疑问句或否定句中表示“过去可能会做/不可能做了(表推测)”。 could/couldn’t have done 1.过去可能/不可能做(表推测) 2.过去本来能够做/没能够做(表虚拟)
could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. （虚拟语气）
2. He can’t have been to that town.（推测）
3. Can he have got the book?（推测）
4. Mary my _____ letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. couldn’t have received B. ought to have received
C. has received D. shouldn’t have received (答案为A)
(2) may / might +不定式完成式（have done）
表示对过去行为的推测时，不用于疑问句，might所表示的可能性比may小。might have done 还可表示“过去本可能做(表虚拟)”，多用于肯定句。
1). He may not have finished the work . 他可能没完成工作。
2). If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
如果我们取另一条道，我们可能到得更早。
(3) must +不定式完成式（have done）
用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。意为“一定、想必”。
其疑问、否定形式用can,
can’t代替。参看(1) can / could + have done表示推测。
1). You must have seen the film Titanic.
2). He must have been to Shanghai.
3). My pain _____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically, “ Are you feeling all right。”
A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be (答案为C)
(4) should +不定式完成式（have done）
用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。
He should have finished the work by now。
表示“本应该做而实际上没有做某事”，其否定式表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。
可以与ought to +不定式完成式（have done）互换。
1). You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didn’t.)
2). She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it. 她不该拿走我的卷尺,因为我想用它。
(5) needn’t +不定式完成式（have done）表示“本来不必做而实际上做了某事”。
1). You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
2). As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______so formally.
A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up
C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up
(没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的建议，实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定，答案为D)
(6) will +不定式完成式（have done）主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已完成的动作或事态的推测。
He will have arrived by now.
would+have+done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”(表虚拟)。
1) I would have told you all about the boy"s story, but you didn"t ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。
2) Without your help, I wouldn"t have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。
(7) would rather (not) have done 宁愿当时(没)做(表虚拟)，有“后悔”之意。
I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.
我在会上提出了反对意见，但现在我宁愿没那么做。
(8) would like/love to have done 过去愿意做而未做成(表虚拟)
I would love to have gone to the party last night, but I have to work extra hours to finish a report. 昨晚我本来很想去参加聚会的，但我得加班完成一个报告。
十一、几个情态动词常考的句型：
/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”, 与had better相近；
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
既然航班已经取消了, 你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。
2. cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….
1) You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 驾车时候，越小心越好。
2) The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . 最后一章涵盖了组织变革和发展。
这个话题再怎么强调也不为过。
’t 或did’t use to为used to (do) 的否定式。
除了“应该”，还要掌握其“竟然”的意思。
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。
情态动词练习题:
1. At this moment, our teacher must be marking our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
2. The road is wet. It must have rained last night.(rain)
3. Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
4. Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤.
5. ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She may (might) have gone (go) by bus.
6. Mike can’t have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
7. He shall be punished if he disobeys. 如果他不服从, 就要受到惩罚.
8. We are not going to quarrel at all if you will only let me speak.
只要你让我说话, 我们根本就不会吵架.
9. --Sir, ____ he go or stay? --Let him go. B
A. will B. shall C. might D. could
10. The door won"t open. 这门经常打不开.
11. Ronald ______ stay in his small garden for a long time every day in the past. D
A. could B. might C. should D. would
12. You shall have the book after I read it. 我看完以后一定把这本书给你.
13. Put on more clothes. You ____ be feeling cold with only a shirt on. C
A. can B. could C. must D. would
14. --- Must I drive to his house and pick up the children? ---No, _____ . C
A. you shouldn"t B. you might not C. you needn"t D. you mustn"t
15. We didn"t see Tom at the meeting yesterday. He ______ it. B
A. mustn"t have attended B. cannot have attended
C. needn"t have attended D. would have not attended
16. We ______ play chess than bridge. Some of us don"t know how to play bridge. A
A. had better B. would better C. would rather D. had rather
17. There is someone knocking at the door. ____ it be Tom? A
A. can B. must C. should D. ought to
18. Two year ago, my husband bought me a bicycle. If you live in town, it is often faster than a car and you worry about parking. D
A. must not B. may not C. should not D. don"t have to
19.--Is John coming by train? D
--He should, but he ____ not. He likes driving his car. (2019高考题）
A. must B. can C. need D. may
has been announced that candidates(候选人) ____ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. D (2019上海高考题）
A. can C. may D. shall
21.---I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter. (2019北京高考题） C
---It ____ true because there was little snow there.
A. may not be B. won’t be C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
22.A sense of anxiety _____ if we were addicted to various social networking(人际网, 联网) applications. D
have arisen arisen arise arise
arise vi.(问题或困境)出现,发生;起床;起立;起身;奋起斗争 arise from/ out of 由.......引起/产生
guide was enthusiastic and knowledgeable and we spent a lovely evening wandering into places which we _____ straight past otherwise. C
walked walking have walked have walked
24.---Mr. Frank Smith truly stands out as the best friend and teacher combination.
---Absolutely。 When I look back on what he did, I"m not sure whether I ____ the same in his position. B
do have done have done do
25.---I would be greatly thankful to Jason Coates who rescued my life after I fell through the ice. C
---That"s it. You ____ Christina, your wife but that(要不是) Jason pulled you from the canal.
never meet never meet never have met never have met 。